Causal Digital Twins for Physical System Control

Digital twins (DTs) are virtual representations of physical systems, replicating their behavior, dynamics, and interactions with the environment. Hosted on computational platforms, DTs have access to more extensive information and computational power than their physical counterparts (PTs), making them suitable for control applications. This paper proposes a novel DT-based control architecture that leverages causal learning to achieve autonomous control. In this framework, the DT employs causal inference to determine the desired system behavior and, subsequently, instructs the PT accordingly. By incorporating causal learning, a DT can gain self-training capabilities, enabling it to generate and analyze hypothetical scenarios based on cause-and-effect relationships. Simulation results show that DT-based control outperforms the traditional local control method by 49% in terms of the tracking performance measured through the mean squared error. Additionally, causal learning demonstrates 16% better tracking performance over statistical learning in a self-training scenario, as measured by the mean squared error.

In 2025 59th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems